Gender Problems in Indonesia: The phenomenon of gamophobia in a permissive society

Khamdan Safiudin; Rasheedat Modupe Oladimeji

doi:10.35719/annisa.v17i1.245

Authors

Khamdan Safiudin Universitas PGRI Wiranegara Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia
Rasheedat Modupe Oladimeji Al-Hikmah University Ilorin, Nigeria

Gamophobia, Permissive Culture, Gender Dynamics

Abstract
How to Cite
Metrics
References
Similar Articles

The global discourse on sexual recession has intensified alongside the increasing trend of singlehood. The decline in the global population reflects this transformation, while a significant proportion of millennials tend to avoid marriage and long-term commitment. This study aims to analyze gamophobia as a multidimensional phenomenon reflecting permissivism, psychosocial threats, and patriarchal gender constructions. The study employed a literature review approach with critical analysis of academic sources related to gamophobia, gender, and permissivism. Data were analyzed thematically through source triangulation to generate valid findings regarding social, psychological, and gender dynamics in modern society. The findings reveal three major issues: (1) Gamophobia among millennials reflects permissivism, in which personal freedom, career orientation, and self-development are prioritized over marriage and family resilience; (2) Gamophobia triggers isolation, depression, declining birth rates, weakened family resilience, and demographic instability as consequences of shifting modern social values; and (3) Gamophobia is shaped by patriarchal constructions and relational inequality, thus requiring pre-family resilience through emotional readiness and premarital commitment. This study concludes that gamophobia represents a multidimensional social crisis driven by permissivism, gender inequality, and changing modern values, resulting in declining marriage rates, psychosocial vulnerability, and weakened family and demographic resilience. The study contributes by integrating permissivism and gender perspectives into gamophobia studies while proposing pre-family resilience as a preventive strategy through emotional readiness, self-efficacy, premarital education, and the reinforcement of moral values to foster more stable family relationships.

References

Abraham, M. (2020). Gender-role incongruity and audience-based gender bias: An examination of networking among entrepreneurs. Administrative Science Quarterly, 65(1), 151–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839219832813

Adamczyk, K. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of relationship status through unmet need to belong and fear of being single on young adults' romantic loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.011

Adamczyk, K., Trepanowski, R., Celejewska, A. et al. (2021). The polish adaptation and further validation of the fear of being single scale (FBSS). Curr Psychol 40, 2499–2509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00192-2

Adriani, D., & Yustini, T. (2021). Anticipating the demographic bonus from the perspective of human capital in Indonesia. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 10(6), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i6.1377

Amin, M. E. K., Nørgaard, L. S., Cavaco, A. M., Witry, M. J., Hillman, L., Cernasev, A., & Desselle, S. P. (2020). Establishing trustworthiness and authenticity in qualitative pharmacy research. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 16(10), 1472–1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.02.005

Arifin, S. M., & Fardiah, D. (2023). Pengaruh terpaan berita kasus KDRT pada media sosial tiktok terhadap pengambilan keputusan tidak menikah muda. Bandung Conference Series: Public Relations, 3(2), 450–458. Https://Doi.Org/10.29313/Bcspr.V3i2.7595

Avison, M., & Furnham, A. (2015). Personality and voluntary childlessness. J Pop Research 32, 45–67 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-014-9140-6

Bagi, M. (2023). Reasons for delayed marriage and its determinants in Iran. Journal of Applied Sociology, 34(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.22108/jas.2022.134561.2312

Brands, R. A., & Fernandez-Mateo, I. (2016). Leaning out: How negative recruitment experiences shape women’s decisions to compete for executive roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 62(3), 405-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839216682728

Braun, V., and V. Clarke. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Cai, M. (2023). For the sake of parents? Marriages of convenience between lesbians and gay men in China. LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 19(3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/27703371.2023.2172509

Chang, J. N. (2024). Why do chinese women experience gamophobia? Psychoanalytic theory assisted discourses analysis. Frontiers In Psychology, 15, 1–11. Https://Doi.Org/10.3389/Fpsyg.2024.1357795

Copen, C. E., Daniels, K., Vespa, J., & Mosher, W. D. (2012). First marriages in the United States: data from the 2006-2010 national survey of family growth. National health statistics reports, (49), 1–21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22803221/

Cuevas, J. (2015). Is learning styles-based instruction effective? A comprehensive analysis of recent research on learning styles. Theory and Research in Education, 13(3), 308-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878515606621

Dai, Y., Futris, T. G., Stanford, W. D., Richardson, E. W., & Koss, K. J. (2022). The association between financial distress, conflict management, and co-parenting support for couples receiving child welfare. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(11), 3329–3350. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221096783

DeLongis, A., & Zwicker, A. (2017). Marital satisfaction and divorce in couples in stepfamilies. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 158–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.11.003

Dommaraju, P., & Tan, J. (2023). Going against global marriage trends: The declining age at first marriage in Indonesia. Asian Population Studies, 20(2), 144–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2023.2193488

Doyle, P., Quayle, E., & Newman, E. (2017). Social climate in forensic mental health settings: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 36, 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.008

Fotaki, M., & Pullen, A. (2023). Feminist theories and activist practices in organization studies. Organization Studies, 45(4), 593-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231209861

George, M. (2008). The elements of library research: What every student needs to know. Https://Doi.Org/10.1515/9781400830411

Girme, Y. U., Park, Y., & MacDonald, G. (2023). Coping or thriving? Reviewing intrapersonal, interpersonal, and societal factors associated with well-being in singlehood from a within-group perspective. Perspectives on psychological science: a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 18(5), 1097–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221136119

Grabbe, L., Duva, I., Jackson, D., Johnson, R., & Schwartz, D. (2023). The impact of the community resiliency model (CRM) on the mental well-being of youth at risk for violence: A study protocol. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 46, 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2023.08.002

Hammarström, L., Devik, S. A., Hellzén, O., & Häggström, M. (2020). The path of compassion in forensic psychiatry. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(6), 435–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.027

Herland, M. D. (2021). Emotional intelligence as a part of critical reflection in social work practice and research. Qualitative Social Work, 21(4), 662-678. https://doi.org/10.1177/14733250211024734

Hermawati, W. (2018). Gender dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (Cet. Pe.). LIPI Press. Https://Doi.Org/10.55981/Brin.116

Jiang, Q., Li, S., & Feldman, M. W. (2013). China's population policy at the crossroads: Social impacts and prospects. Asian journal of social science, 41(2), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-12341298

Johansson, S., & Haandrikman, K. (2021). Gendered fear of crime in the urban context: A comparative multilevel study of women’s and men’s fear of crime. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(7), 1238–1264. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1923372

Kefalas, M. J., Furstenberg, F. F., Carr, P. J., & Napolitano, L. (2011). Marriage is more than being together: The meaning of marriage for young adults. Journal of Family Issues, 32(7), 845-875. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X10397277

Kislev, E. (2023). Singlehood as an Identity. European Review of Social Psychology, 35(2), 258–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2023.2241937

Larasati, N. P. A. (2021). Gender inequality in Indonesia: Facts and legal analysis. Law Research Review Quarterly, 7(4), 445–458. Https://Doi.Org/10.15294/Lrrq.V7i4.48170

Lee, B. S., Klein, J., Wohar, M., & Kim, S. (2020). Factors delaying marriage in Korea: An Analysis of the Korean population census data for 1990–2010. Asian Population Studies, 17(1), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2020.1781380

Leonhardt, N. D., Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Astle, S., & Powner, J. (2020). ‘We want to be married on our own terms’: Non-university emerging adults’ marital beliefs and differences between men and women. Journal of Family Studies, 28(2), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1747520

Lwamba, E., Shisler, S., Ridlehoover, W., Kupfer, M., Tshabalala, N., Nduku, P., Langer, L., Grant, S., Sonnenfeld, A., Anda, D., Eyers, J., & Snilstveit, B. (2022). Strengthening women's empowerment and gender equality in fragile contexts towards peaceful and inclusive societies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Campbell systematic reviews, 18(1), e1214. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1214

Matsuda, S., Sasaki, T., Shin, J., & Bae, J. (2023). Deterioration in youth employment, social contexts, and marriage decline in Japan and South Korea. Asian Population Studies, 20(2), 203–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2023.2211402

Mehta, C. M., & Dementieva, Y. (2017). The contextual specificity of gender: Femininity and masculinity in college students’ same- and other-gender peer contexts. Sex Roles 76, 604–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0632-z

Miller, F. A., Dulal, S., Rai, A., Gram, L., Harris-Fry, H., & Saville, N. M. (2023). “Can’t live willingly”: A thematic synthesis of qualitative evidence exploring how early marriage and early pregnancy affect experiences of pregnancy in South Asia. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(10), e0002279. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002279

Mujiwati, Y., Pradini, P. M., Safiudin, K., Hadad, Q. R., Warliana, L., & Fasolina, N. A. (2022). Human diversity and equality: Keberagaman dan kesetaraan manusia. Penerbit PT Teguh Ikhyak Properti Seduluran (Penerbit TIPS). Https://Doi.Org/10.26418/Jppkn.V4i2.67245

Muthanna, A., & Alduais, A. (2023). The interrelationship of reflexivity, sensitivity and integrity in conducting interviews. Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 13(3), 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030218

Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A step-by-step process of thematic analysis to develop a conceptual model in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789

Nanik, N., & Natalya, L. (2022). Efek mediasi ketakutan menjadi lajang dalam hubungan antara stereotip negatif dan kesejahteraan psikologi perempuan lajang. Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 11(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.30996/Persona.V11i1.5255

Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175

Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847

Nursalam, I., & Ibrahim, M. (2015). Fenomena sosial pilihan hidup tidak menikah wanita karier. Jurnal Equilibrium Pendidikan Sosiologi, 3(1), 67–76. Https://Doi.Org/10.26618/Equilibrium.V3i1.514

Ossai, M. O., & Chujor, J. C. (2023). (2023). Some social predictors of gamophobia among unmarried postgraduate students in tertiary institutions in rivers state. European American Journals, 11(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.37745/bje.2023/vol11n11324

Padavic, I., Ely, R. J., & Reid, E. M. (2020). Explaining the persistence of gender inequality: The work–family narrative as a social defense against the 24/7 work culture. Administrative Science Quarterly, 65(1), 61–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839219832310

Peetz, J., Meloff, Z., & Royle, C. (2023). When couples fight about money, what do they fight about? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 40(11), 3723–3751. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075231187897

Rader, N. E. (2009). Until Death Do Us Part? Husband perceptions and responses to fear of crime. Deviant Behavior, 31(1), 33–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620902854704

Rasyid, B., & Bahri, S. (2022). Gender equality in the global research publication: The bibliometric review and scientific visualization. Humanus, 21(1), 41. Https://Doi.Org/10.24036/Humanus.V21i1.115645

Reid, L. W., & Konrad, M. (2004). The gender gap in fear: Assessing the interactive effects of gender and perceived risk on fear of crime. Sociological Spectrum, 24(4), 399–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170490431331

Rinaldo, R., Nisa, E. F., & Nurmila, N. (2023). Divorce narratives and class inequalities in Indonesia. Journal of Family Issues, 45(5), 1195–1216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X231155657

Shulman, S., & Connolly, J. (2013). The challenge of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood: Reconceptualization of the field. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696812467330

Silverio, S. A., Sheen, K. S., Bramante, A., Knighting, K., Koops, T. U., Montgomery, E., November, L., Soulsby, L. K., Stevenson, J. H., Watkins, M., Easter, A., & Sandall, J. (2022). Sensitive, challenging, and difficult topics: Experiences and practical considerations for qualitative researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221124739

Utaminingsih, A. (2017). Gender dan wanita karir (Edisi 2017). UB Press. Https://Books.Google.Co.Id/Books/About/Gender_Dan_Wanita_Karir.Html?Id=Umxvdwaaqbaj

Utomo, A., & McDonald, P. (2023). Beyond later and less marriage in Asia: Reflections on Gavin W. Jones’ contributions to the scholarship on marriage. Asian Population Studies, 20(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2023.2236307

Wei, J. (2022). Stretched kinship: Parental rejection and acceptance of queer youth in Chinese families. Journal of Homosexuality, 70(9), 1847–1866. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2043130

Willoughby, B. J., Hall, S. S., & Goff, S. (2014). Marriage matters but how much? Marital centrality among young adults. The Journal of Psychology, 149(8), 796–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2014.979128

Wong, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2010). A person-centered approach to clinical practice. Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing), 8(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.8.2.foc199

Zhu, J., Bal, M., Zhou, X., Stok, M., & de Wit, J. (2024). Sustaining heteronormativity in marriage: How Chinese newspapers frame heterosexual marriage undertaken by Chinese queer people. Journal of Homosexuality, 72(3), 501–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2024.2322623

Zhu, J., Stok, M., Bal, M., & de Wit, J. (2022). Mapping the antecedents, conditions, and consequences of family pressure that drives Chinese queer people into heterosexual marriage: A systematic review. LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 18(4), 339–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/27703371.2022.2094521

An-Nisa' Journal of Gender Studies

Gender Problems in Indonesia: The phenomenon of gamophobia in a permissive society

Authors

Downloads

References

Downloads

Section

How to Cite

Similar Articles

Make a Submission

policy

JOURNAL POLICY

sidebarmenu

DOWNLOAD TEMPLATE

RECOMMENDATION TOOLS

tools-stat

TOOLS STAT

Keywords

supported

SUPPORTED BY

Latest publications

Published by:

Principal Contact: